#a 'unified 'english 'braille =''ueb=: 'summary of 'changes for 'ordinary 'braille --'uncontracted 'braille 'contents 'note to 'braille 'reader --------------- #b #a/ 'introduction ------- #b #b/ 'capitals ----------- #c #c/ 'italics, 'bold and 'underline ------------ #d #d/ 'quotation 'marks --- #f #e/ 'other 'common 'signs ---------------- #g #f/ 'basic 'maths 'signs ---------------- #h #g/ 'phone and other 'grouped 'numbers ----- #i #h/ 'grade #a 'indicator ----------- #aj #i/ 'unit 'abbreviations ------- #ab #a/ introduction #b #aj/ 'superscripts and 'subscripts ---------- #ab #aa/ 'dates and 'times of 'day -------------- #ac #ab/ 'email and 'web 'addresses ----------- #ac #ac/ 'accents ---------- #ad #ad/ 'transcriber.s 'note 'indicators ---- #ae ,,,,,,,,,,,, 'note to 'braille 'reader/ 'in places signs have been preceded by the dot locator to show the position of the dots; this locator is not part of the sign itself/ 'the ''ueb dot locator, dots #df#abcdef, has been used/ #a/ 'introduction/ 'this document is a short summary of the changes to the braille rules for ordinary text, as concerns uncontracted braille/ 'it does not provide a full #b/ capitals #c statement of the rules, nor a full list of the signs which ''ueb provides/ 'for this, reference should be made to $$'the 'rules of 'unified 'english 'braille,$. produced by and available from ''iceb ='0www/iceb/org'0=/ ''ueb doesn.t deal with braille layout, and so only braille coding rules are affected/ #b/ 'capitals/ 'capitals are normally indicated/ 'the indicators are the same as for ''seb: symbol: $%' word: $%'' passage: $%''' terminator: $%'. ,,,,,,,,,,,, 'the rules are generally similar to those for ''seb: 'the capital word indicator has force over a sequence of #c/ italics, bold #d letters or contractions, but is terminated by other signs, such as a hyphen or dash/ 'the capital passage indicator applies up to the capital terminator, and is used for three or more spaced strings =e/g/ words=/ 'e/g/ ''left-''hand '''i am here+'. #c/ 'italics, 'bold and 'underline/ 'there are separate indicators for italics, bold and underline/ 'in ''ueb these are collectively called (typeform indicators): #c/ italics, bold #e italic bold under- line symbol $%$; .. $%>; $%_; word ...$%$, .. $%>, $%_, passage $%$= .. $%>= $%_= termina- tor $%$. .. $%>. $%_. ,,,,,,,,,,,, 'the symbol indicators apply to the following character only; the word indicators apply to the following string ending with a space =e/g/ a word=; and the passage indicators apply up to the corresponding passage terminators/ 'e/g/ book>;s reading $,'the $,'times $,avant-garde 'the passage indicators are used for three or more consecutive spaced strings =e/g/ words= of that type/ 'if punctuation ends the passage, the terminator is #d/ quotation #f normally placed after it/ 'e/g/ 'guide to the >='tower of 'london/>. #d/ 'quotation 'marks/ 'outer quotation marks have generic braille signs whatever the print type =single or double=, but inner quotes use new signs which distinguish between single and double print quotes/ 'the latter can also be used in other circumstances where it is needed to distinguish the type of print quotes/ open close outer ...... $%( $%) inner single $%'( $%') inner double $%>( $%>) ,,,,,,,,,,,, 'e/g/ ('he asked, >('can 'i come in(>)) #e/ common signs #g #e/ 'other 'common 'signs/ round brackets: opening: $%!2 closing: $%!` square brackets: opening: $%$2 closing: $%$` asterisk: $%!* dagger: $%"'4 double dagger: $%"'7 dash: $%'- long dash: $%!'- underscore: $%$- =e/g/ a blank to be filled in; the single braille sign is used for any length of underscore in print= decimal point: $%/ =i/e/ same as full stop= ellipsis: $%/// =i/e/ a sequence of stops= pound sign: $%"l dollar sign: $%"s degree sign: $%>j prime: $%= =e/g/ feet or minutes= double prime: $%== =e/g/ #f/ maths signs #h inches or seconds= percent: $%$) commercial at: $%"a right arrow: $%8o ,,,,,,,,,,,, ''ueb is designed so that all the signs are capable of being spaced or unspaced in any combination without ambiguity, so arbitrary strings of letters and other signs can be brailled directly as shown in print/ 'e/g/ !*x!*!*$) #f/ 'basic 'maths 'signs/ 'the arithmetical signs are similar to ''seb, except that dot #e is used as a prefix instead of dots #ef: plus: $%!+ minus: $%!- times: $%!( divided: $%!| equals: $%!= 'these signs can be spaced #g/ phone numbers #i or unspaced, but a common convention is to space the equals sign, and to leave the others unspaced/ 'e/g/ #b!+#f != #h $'fractions/ 'simple numeric fractions use upper numbers for both numerator and denominator, separated by a (fraction line sign), dots #cd/ 'e/g/ #a|b =a half= #b#c|d =two and three quarters= #g/ 'phone and 'other 'grouped 'numbers/ 'in phone numbers, spaced groups of digits are separated by a dot #e, rather than by repetition of the numeral sign/ 'other punctuation signs used as separators, such as hyphens, are retained in ''ueb/ 'e/g/ #jhde!fj!hebbc #h/ grade #a #aj 'the same applies to ordinary numbers where spaces are used in print to group thousands, etc/ 'e/g/ #f!jjj!bej #h/ 'grade #a 'indicator/ grade #a indicator symbol .... $%< word ...... $%<< passage $%<<< terminator $%<. ,,,,,,,,,,,, 'there is no such thing as the (letter sign) in ''ueb: dots #ef is instead designated as the grade #a indicator/ 'it is only used in certain cases to set the meaning of a sign where more than one meaning is possible/ 'unlike in ''seb, abbreviations like (pm) or (am) would not have a grade #a indicator in ''ueb, as no #h/ grade #a #aa disambiguation is needed/ 'the dots #ef grade #a indicator only applies to the following character; ''ueb also has a grade #a word indicator, a grade #a passage indicator, and passage terminator, used similarly to the indicators for italics, bold and underline/ 'in general, abbreviations are not specially distinguished from ordinary words in ''ueb, any distinction is only that given by the print, i/e/ by the abbreviation.s capitalisation/ 'e/g/ 'mr 's arrived at the ''bbc at #f pm =no grade #a indicators needed in uncontracted braille= 'the grade #a indicator is used where letters | grave: $%>1 circumflex: $%>3 dia7esis: $%>: c6illa: $%>& tilde: $%>7 'these precede the letter which they modify/ 'e/g/ cr>1eme br>3ul>|ee bless>1ed #ad/ notes #ae #ad/ 'transcriber.s 'note 'indicators/ ''ueb includes special brackets: "$2 and "$` to enclose explanatory notes or other text inserted by the transcriber, as distinct from the original text/ ='previously ordinary square brackets would have been used for this purpose/= 'e/g/ in the figure below "$2not reproduced"$` '='december #bjab=. ** ** ** ''ukaaf contact details: ''ukaaf, ''po 'box #abg, 'cwmbr"an, ''np#dd #i''bq/ 'tel: #jhde#fj#hebbc 'fax: #jhde#fj#hebbd 'email: '0enquiries~ukaaf/org'0 'web: '0www/ukaaf/org'0 ''ukaaf registered